Cell-Free Glossary
Chapters
Cell-Free
Non-Natural Amino Acid (ncAA)
An amino acid outside the standard naturally encoded set that can be incorporated into a protein to introduce new properties or functionalities.
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Linear DNA
A non-circular DNA fragment that can be used directly as an expression template in some cell-free systems, notably after PCR amplification.
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Cell-Free Protein Expression
An in vitro protein production technique that uses cellular transcription and translation machinery without relying on living cells.
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Cell Lysate
An extract obtained after cell disruption that retains biological machinery such as ribosomes, enzymes and factors required for protein synthesis.
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E. coli Lysate
A cell extract prepared from Escherichia coli and widely used as the basis of cell-free systems for efficient transcription and translation.
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Cell-Free System
An experimental system that reproduces protein synthesis outside the cell using a lysate and the components required for transcription and translation.
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Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS)
Another term for cell-free protein expression, CFPS enables rapid protein synthesis from DNA or RNA in an open reaction environment.
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Protein
Molecular Chaperone
A protein or protein complex that helps other proteins acquire or maintain the correct conformation without becoming part of their final structure.
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Inclusion Body
An insoluble aggregate of proteins, often misfolded, that can form during high-level recombinant expression in cells such as E. coli.
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Protein Expression
The process by which genetic information is used to produce a protein, either in living cells or in a cell-free system.
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Protein Engineering
Ensemble de méthodes visant à modifier la séquence ou la structure d’une protéine afin d’optimiser ses propriétés, sa fonction, sa stabilité ou son expression.
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Minibinder
A small engineered protein designed to bind a molecular target with high affinity and specificity, often developed through protein engineering or computational design.
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Recombinant Protein Production
The production of a protein from recombinant DNA using a cellular or cell-free expression system to generate the protein of interest.
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Cytotoxic Protein
A protein that is toxic to the cells used for its expression, potentially limiting in vivo production and making cell-free expression especially useful.
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Recombinant Protein
A protein produced from recombinant DNA using a biological expression system such as E. coli or a cell-free platform.
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Difficult-to-Express Protein
A protein that is challenging to produce in conventional systems because of factors such as toxicity, insolubility, structural complexity or folding requirements.
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Membrane Protein
A protein associated with or embedded in a biological membrane, often involved in signaling, transport or ion exchange.
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Soluble Protein
A protein that remains dissolved in an aqueous environment without forming aggregates or precipitates under the relevant conditions.
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Protein Folding
The process by which a polypeptide chain adopts its functional three-dimensional structure, which is essential for the activity of many proteins.
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Membrane Protein
Ion Channel
A membrane protein that forms a selective pathway allowing specific ions to cross a membrane through regulated mechanisms.
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G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
A large family of membrane receptors that transmit extracellular signals into cells through G proteins and represent major pharmacological targets.
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Proteoliposome
An artificial lipid vesicle containing one or more membrane proteins, used to recreate an environment similar to a biological membrane.
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Membrane Transporter
A membrane protein that selectively transports molecules or ions across a biological membrane.
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Screening
High-Throughput Screening
An automated or highly parallelized approach used to rapidly test large numbers of samples, variants or experimental conditions.
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Mutant Screening
The comparison of multiple mutated protein variants to identify those with improved expression, stability or function.
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Protein Screening
The parallel evaluation of multiple proteins, variants or conditions to identify candidates with the desired properties.
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Antibody
VHH / Nanobody
A compact and stable variable domain derived from heavy-chain antibodies that specifically recognizes a target and is used in research, diagnostics and therapeutic development.
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